by paulina@baraibar.com.mx | May 12, 2026 | Criminal law
Criminal act It can no longer be treated as an “automatic” phrase to justify a arrest warrant or a order to proceed to trialSince March 2026, a mandatory criterion emphasizes that, by last ratio and the guarantor function of the criminal type, the Prosecutor's Office must provide minimum test data that show in fact the basic characteristics of the alleged crime, before affecting freedom (article 16 of the Constitution).
In practice, this standard reorders the debate: it is not enough to narrate, one has to minimally checkFor companies and individuals under investigation in Mexico City, this opens a clear defensive avenue to combat "generic" accusations and, at the same time, compels them to strengthen compliance strategies and evidence management.
1) What changed in 2026: “criminal act” as the minimum verifiable factual element
The widely disseminated criterion as “CRIMINAL ACT. ITS BASIC CONNOTATION IN LIGHT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF LAST RESORT AND GUARANTEE FUNCTION OF THE CRIMINAL TYPE” It upholds an operational idea: the “criminal act” of Article 16 of the Constitution requires a minimum evidentiary sufficiency that shows, in the factual world, a behavior with basic features of the criminal offense preliminarily attributed. That burden falls on the Prosecutor's Office and is essential requirement both for arrest warrant as for link to process, due to its direct or indirect impact on freedom.
Why does it matter for an arrest warrant (art. 16 CPEUM)
Article 16 of the Constitution requires (among other things) that get data that establish that the act has been committed and that there is a probability of participation.
The point of criterion 2026 is that this “fact” cannot be an empty label: it must have minimum anchorage in test data that show the basic materiality of typical behavior.
Why does it matter for indictment (art. 316 CNPP)
Article 316 of the CNPP requires evidence establishing that an act defined as a crime by law was committed, understanding that such evidence exists when there is reasonable indications that allow one to suppose.
The 2026 criterion pushes for those “reasonable indications” to translate into verifiable factual features of the criminal type, not only in broad inferences.
2) Date of mandatory nature and actual procedural scope
This criterion was published in the Weekly March 6, 2026 and it was considered mandatory application from 9 March 2026.
Practical scope:
- It becomes a control parameter for control judges when analyzing arrest requests and to resolve link to process.
- The cost of litigating with "textbook" charges increases: if the prosecution does not ground the criminal offense in verifiable facts, the defense has a technical argument to deny, revoke o protect.
⚖️ spin: Do you have questions about this topic? The lawyers at Baráibar & Asociados in Mexico City can guide you. Schedule your consultation today.
3) The core of the criterion: last resort + guarantee function of the criminal type
The criterion explains that criminal law, being last ratioIt must be used with a reinforced standard when the procedural act affects liberty. Furthermore, the guarantee function of the criminal type requires that only the commission of conduct typified (and not “similar”) justify intense measures such as apprehension or continuation of the process.
What does “guarantee function” mean in litigation language?
In court proceedings, the "guarantee function" translates into control:
- Delimit the punishable conduct (what is and is not included in the type).
- Demand that the Prosecutor's Office show basic facts that coincide with that framework.
- To prevent the process from being used as an "extended investigation" with already restricted freedom.
Last resort as a minimum evidentiary standard, not as discourse
The criterion does not say "prove the complete crime" at the initial stage. It says: contribute the minimum verifiable amount of the type charged, because the State is using its most powerful tool. That difference is key: it's not a request for an early sentence, it's a demand. factual floor.
4) Arrest warrant: where the Prosecutor's request breaks with this standard
In the CNPP, the judge can order a summons, appearance, or apprehension When a complaint is filed, the Public Prosecutor's Office announces data that establishes the criminal act and the probability of authorship, and—for apprehension— need for caution.
Using the 2026 criterion, typical vulnerable points are:
A) “Generic” facts without typical features
Example: “seized resources”, “defrauded”, “threatened”, “altered documents”, without describing as, when, with what medium, with what resultand without supporting data. The standard requires showing basic characteristics of the type (conduct/object/result relevant to the crime).
B) Inferential leaps without hard data
When the Prosecutor requests arrest with inferences (“because of his position he should have known”, “he had access”, “he is an administrator”), without minimal external data (traceability, messages, preliminary expert reports, records, witnesses with verifiable context).
C) “Need for caution” as a crutch
Although the criterion focuses on "criminal act", in practice it requires reviewing whether the apprehension is being used to drive without basic factual support. If the "fact" is weak, the caution becomes disproportionate.
Typical business risk (CDMX): Internal complaints or those from former employees that escalate to a formal case file; if the company fails to preserve evidence and a clear narrative, the prosecution can fill in the gaps with assumptions. This criterion makes it more cost-effective to litigate the standard from the outset.
5) Linking to the process: the debate is no longer just a probability of participation
Article 316 CNPP requires evidence of the criminal act and the probability of intervention.
The 2026 criterion strengthens the first component: criminal act as verifiable minimum factual of the basic characteristics of the crime.
How to use it strategically in initial audiences:
- Separate The discussion: first “criminal act” (factual basis), then “probability”.
- Ask the judge to identify what basic typical features They are considered satisfied and with what information (not with what “said”).
- Attacking the “minimum typicality” when the imputation is narrative but not verifiable.
Common defensive mistakes (that you should avoid):
- Discussing “innocence” or “full proof” (is not the standard).
- To go straight to subtle contradictions without first addressing the lack of basic features of the type.
- Do not tie the argument to the impact on freedom (precautionary measures, appearances, reputational restriction, etc.).
Don't face this process alone. At Baráibar & Asociados, we have criminal law specialists ready to defend your interests in Mexico City.
6) Tactical checklist: what the prosecution should provide and what the defense should demand
This criterion functions as a litigable checklist.
The minimum that must exist (depending on the crime)
Without inventing “universal lists”, the logic is: basic features of the type + minimum test data that makes them verifiable.
Examples of “minimum verifiable” (in the abstract):
- Assets: traceability of disposal, specific impact, base document/record, identification of the asset/value.
- Documentaries: existence of the document, attributed intervention, preliminary expertise or verifiable objective feature.
- Threats/violence: context, medium, basic content, temporality, objective element that supports the claim.
How to structure a defensive objection
- “Your Honor, even if the narrative is granted for now, no minimum data that factually demonstrate the basic characteristics of criminal type X; due to its guarantee function and as a last resort, freedom cannot be affected by an unverifiable fact.”
Risk: that the judge “supplants” the standard
The real danger is that the judge will mentally "fill in the gaps" left by the prosecution ("it sounds like fraud"). This criterion provides grounds for demanding a more thorough ruling. methodical: typical feature + fact.
7) Impact on companies: criminal compliance and evidence management from day 1
For companies (fintech, retail, construction, logistics, pharma, tech) the 2026 standard has two interpretations:
1) More powerful early defense
If the case file was built with vague testimonies or disconnected documents, the defense can halt the arrest/indictment with an approach of verifiable minimum typicality.
2) Greater internal demands
Companies must quickly build their "verifiable factual explanation":
- Preservation of emails/chats, logs, accounting records.
- Internal chain of custody (without replacing the authority, but avoiding destruction/alteration).
- Internal research protocols (to avoid creating contradictions that could later be used as "facts" against the company or its executives).
Frequent gray area: Poorly documented internal investigations that create “facts” without technical support. The 2026 criterion rewards accuracy and penalizes narrative.
8) Protection strategy: when this criterion is decisive
Judgment itself is built in scenarios of arrest warrant and link to process, and states that Article 16 requires that minimum threshold.
When is it usually decisive:
- When the judicial resolution does not identify what data support the basic characteristics of the crime.
- When the Public Prosecutor "announces" data, but in court it does not translate into verifiable facts.
- When the resolution relies on standard phrases (“reasonable indications”) without explanation indicios de qué.
How this translates into procedural risk for the Prosecutor's Office:
- Higher probability of revocation/denial,
- Greater exposure to protection due to insufficient motivation,
- Greater pressure to "strengthen" cases before requesting restrictive measures.
Protect your freedom and your defense strategy with expert legal advice from Baráibar & Asociados in Mexico City.
Conclusion
The mandatory criterion of March 2026 redefines the concept of criminal act in its correct place: a verifiable minimum factual that the Prosecutor's Office must show to justify measures that impact freedom, consistent with the last ratio and the guarantor function of the criminal type.
For criminal defense (and for business risk management) the message is clear: litigation is no longer won with rhetoric; it is won by forcing the criminal type to land on verifiable basic facts, from the first act that intends to restrict rights.
FAQs (Mexico) — Snippet-type answers (45–60 words)
1) What is a “criminal act” for the purposes of an arrest warrant?
The reported fact is that la ley señala como delito, supported by data that allow establishing what occurred and that there is a probability of participation. The constitutional standard derives from Article 16 of the Mexican Constitution and is operationalized in the National Code of Criminal Procedure. In 2026, it was emphasized that there must be a verifiable minimum of facts.
2) Does the prosecution have to prove the entire crime in order to bring charges?
No. For linkage, the CNPP requires test data e reasonable indications, not conclusive proof. However, there must be a verifiable minimum of the basic features of the imputed crime, in accordance with the mandatory criterion of 2026 and article 316 CNPP.
3) What happens if the arrest warrant is based on generic facts?
If the application and the resolution do not show minimum data that factually demonstrate the basic characteristics of the crime, a violation of article 16 CPEUM can be argued due to the insufficiency of the "criminal act", and judicial control or protection can be sought as appropriate.
4) Since when is the criterion “CRIMINAL ACT. ITS BASIC CONNOTATION…” mandatory?
It was published on March 6, 2026 and it was considered mandatory from March 9, 2026, according to the Gazette of the Judicial Weekly of the Federation. This impacts decisions regarding arrest and indictment.
5) How does Article 141 of the CNPP relate to the “criminal act”?
Article 141 of the CNPP allows for summons, appearance, or arrest when there is a complaint/accusation and the Public Prosecutor presents information establishing the criminal act and the probability of authorship; for arrest, there is also a need for precautionary measures. Criterion 2026 requires that this “act” have a minimum verifiable factual basis.
6) What should the defense request in the hearing to apply this standard?
It must require the judge to identify what basic features of the criminal type are considered satisfied and with what information specific, avoiding generic motivations. The basis is in article 16 CPEUM, 316 CNPP and the mandatory criterion of 2026 on “criminal act”.
References (official) + latest reform
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or an attorney-client relationship.
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by paulina@baraibar.com.mx | Apr 18, 2026 | Derecho Corporativo
The Reforma LFPPI 2026 changed the landscape for companies that license technology, protect patents or depend on brands in Mexico. The focus is no longer just on “registering”: now it matters blow intangible assets with speed, documentary evidence, and auditable contracts. In parallel, the legislator established maximum deadlines for IMPI resolutions and created a mechanism for for IMPI resolutions and created a mechanism for when the authority fails to meet deadlines.
If your operation is in Mexico City (R&D, manufacturing, software, pharma, food, franchises, consumer goods), this reform impacts your time-to-market, you IP rating, and your risks of nullity/expiration due to a poorly executed strategy.
1) What is the LFPPI Reform 2026 and when did it come into effect
The Decreto which amends the Federal Law for the Protection of Industrial Property (LFPPI) was published on April 3, 2026 and It came into effect the following day. (April 4, 2026), with a transitional rule: pending matters are concluded under the rule in force at the beginning, except that the new “mandatory resolution” mechanism can be activated in pending cases once integrated the Specialized Technical Committee.
Strategically, this creates two universes:
- Legacy files: they are governed by prior rules (in the substantive aspects of the procedure).
- “Post-reform” filesThey are born with new time goals and procedural tools.
For legal and compliance departments, the correct question is no longer "has it been filed?", but: Under what procedural regime is your portfolio and what levers can you already activate?
2) Technology transfer: the silent change that affects contracts (more than forms)
The reform did not “only” speed up procedures: redefined priorities of the system. In particular, it strengthened the role of IMPI to promote and encourage inventions applicable industrially and commercially, as well as transfer of technology and its marketing, including legal advice on licenses, assignments and transfers linked to transfer agreements.
Why this matters to businesses (CDMX and national operations)
In corporate transactions, technology transfer typically fails due to three weaknesses:
- Actual ownership vs. “assumed” ownership (inventors, employees, consultants, co-development).
- Know-how without chain of custody (manuals, datasets, parameters, recipes, code).
- Poorly calibrated licenses (territory, field of use, sublicense, improvements, audit, exit).
With the reform, the IMPI is mandated to operate in an environment where the exploitation and the marketing They are part of the objective. This raises the expected standard of documentary order: in audits (M&A), financing, or enforcement, the "pretty contract" without operational evidence and internal controls becomes fragile.
2.1 Licensing and transfer: typical risks that are now becoming litigable
Risk A — License without improvement control:
If your licensee develops improvements and your contract does not define whether they belong to the licensor, the licensee, or are shared, you could lose competitive advantage or trigger exploitation disputes.
Risk B — Sublicensing “by custom”:
In distribution chains (retail, OEM/ODM, integrators), informal sublicensing is common. Controversially, this unproven “permitted use” becomes unauthorized use.
Risk C — Territory vs. digital channels:
Many contracts still focus on physical territory. In SaaS and e-commerce, the real "territory" is access. If you don't define geoblocking, allowed users, and jurisdiction, a lawsuit will come before renegotiation.
Risk D — Confusion between trade secrets and controlled disclosure:
If you share know-how without controls (robust NDA, need-to-know, logs, labels, access), your "secret" degrades and enforcement becomes an uphill battle.
The reform does not create these risks; but it does give the "transfer" greater political and operational centrality. Result: more contractual friction and more incentives to litigate when there is real economic value.
3) “Fast Track” in IMPI deadlines: new goals that rewrite your business calendar
The reform introduced maximum deadlines at critical points.
3.1 Patents, utility models and industrial designs: 1 year limit (from substantive examination)
Added the Article 111 Bis, establishing that the IMPI must definitively resolve the granting or refusal within a maximum of 1 year, counted from when the background exam.
Business involvement: Your R&D and launch strategy must synchronize:
- publication date (and eventual early publication),
- actual start of the in-depth examination,
- response to official actions (now with an efficiency focus).
3.2 Integrated circuits: 2 months
For integrated circuit layout schemes, the maximum resolution is 2 months from the presentation (or from when you meet the requirements).
3.3 Trademarks, notices and trade names: 5 months (with and without opposition)
In the distinctive signs procedure:
- Following the arguments, the IMPI must issue a ruling within a period not exceeding 5 months.
- If there are no requirements no opposition, the maximum time limit for resolution is 5 months since submission.
Practical reading: If your brand is essential (retail, franchise, consumer goods), the bottleneck should no longer be "the IMPI takes too long," but your ability to present solid (preliminary research, class strategy, distinctiveness tests, usage control) and to respond without improvisation.
4) The real “fast track”: Mandatory resolution when the IMPI does not meet deadlines
The reform created a Title Five Bis with:
- Specialized Technical Committee (art. 327 Ter), and
- Procedure for Issuing a Mandatory Resolution (art. 327 Quater).
Furthermore, the law provides that this mandatory resolution can be requested when procedures are not resolved within the established deadlines (including, among others, the articles on deadlines in patents and trademarks).
What changes for businesses?
Previously: your file could "sleep" and your only real alternative was informal administrative pressure or indirect strategies (divisional, re-presentation, etc.).
Now: there is a legal avenue to force definition (granting or refusal), with a committee that must to know and determine origin of these requests.
Strategic gray area (where you win or lose)
This mechanism is not an “automatic pass”. In practice, it can:
- accelerate certainty (valuable in investment rounds or licensing agreements), but also
- precipitate a refusal if your file is not ready for closure.
In serious corporate portfolios, the rule should be: Only press when the quality of the file withstands it (claims, support, priority, formalities, evidence).
5) Patents and transfer: provisional application and tools to avoid losing rights
The reform incorporated the provisional patent application in MexicoIt is sufficient to identify the inventor/successor in title and provide a description that allows the invention to be identified. Then there is a non-extendable deadline of 12 months to submit the full application. This provisional application is not published or examined, and does not "carry over" priority to other applications as a PCT would.
Figures were also added of restoration of rights in the event of abandonments due to non-compliance with requirements, with a deadline of 15 business days in the foreseen case.
How does technology transfer have an impact?
In licensing and capital raising, the provisional license is useful for:
- secure date while you mature your demands,
- to negotiate with a structured "patent pending",
- organize the innovation pipeline (by business units).
But there is a business risk: if you use provisional measures as a "patch" without an internal process (logs, disclosure forms, invention committee), they become silent expiration month 12.
Don't face this process alone. At Baráibar & Asociados, we have specialists in intellectual property and technology transfer ready to defend your interests in Mexico City.
6) Corporate Checklist 2026: How to take advantage of the reform without opening up risk fronts
This is where the organized company is separated from the one that "registers out of inertia".
6.1 Innovation Governance (so that the fast track doesn't run you over)
- Ownership policy: employment/consultant clauses, present and future allocation, and disclosure obligation.
- Committee of Inventions: decides provisional vs complete vs industrial secret.
- Evidence: laboratory, repositories, version control, access, minutes.
6.2 Transfer agreements: 10 clauses that are no longer optional
- Definition of tecnología (patents, know-how, software, data, documentation).
- Field of use (industry carve-outs).
- Territory and digital channels.
- Improvements (ownership and reciprocal license).
- Sublicense and control.
- Standards of quality and auditing (critical if there are brands/franchises).
- Operational confidentiality (need-to-know + controls).
- Sectoral regulatory compliance (health, NOM, cyber, etc.).
- Termination and transition (code escrow, return/destruction, continuity).
- Dispute resolution (arbitration vs. courts, precautionary measures).
6.3 When is it appropriate to use “mandatory resolution”?
Use it when:
- The file is technically ready,
- You need certainty to close a licensing deal, M&A transaction, or financing agreement.
- The delay is already costing you market share.
Avoid it when:
- You are "patching" the memory support,
- there is a divisional strategy still in the design phase,
- a quick refusal would be worse than a tactical wait.
7) Litigation risks and opportunities: where conflicts will move
The reform opens opportunities on three fronts:
- Procedural: if the IMPI fails to meet deadlines or improperly denies the admissibility of the mechanism, the case becomes judicial control (legality and due process).
- Contractual: the emphasis on transfer fuels disputes over interpretation of licenses (field of use, enhancements, sublicense, confidentiality).
- Portfolio strategyWith tighter deadlines, errors due to haste increase: poor evidence, mismanaged priorities, or incomplete responses. This fuels annulments, expirations, and related litigation.
Do you have questions about how this reform impacts your licenses, patents, or trademarks? Baráibar & Asociados (CDMX) We can help you design a solid legal and contractual path. Schedule your appointment today.
8) Conclusion: the “fast track” requires strategy, not just speed
The Reforma LFPPI 2026 It imposes a new standard: maximum deadlines, tools to demand resolution, and a system geared towards convert IP into business through technology transfer. For companies, the benefit only comes if there is: governance, well calibrated contracts and a portfolio procedurally ready to close.
Secure the protection and exploitation of your intangible assets with a expert legal strategy and documentation that can withstand audit, negotiation and litigation in Mexico.
FAQs (6) — real search questions in Mexico
1) When did the 2026 reform to the LFPPI come into effect?
came into force the next day of its publication in the Official Gazette of the Federation. The Decree was published on April 3, 2026, therefore, its validity began on April 4, 2026, in accordance with the first transitional provision.
2) What is the new maximum time limit for the IMPI to resolve a patent?
The article 111 Bis It establishes that the final decision on the granting or refusal of patents (and also utility models and industrial designs) must not exceed 1 year from the start of the in-depth examination.
3) What does “mandatory resolution” mean in the LFPPI?
It is a new procedure (Title Five Bis) that allows for requesting a resolution when the process is not resolved within the legal timeframes. It integrates a Specialized Technical Committee to know and determine origin.
4) How long does trademark registration take now with the LFPPI 2026 reform?
If there are no requirements or objections, the IMPI must resolve the matter within a maximum of 5 months from the date of presentation (art. 229 Bis). If there is opposition, after arguments, a decision must be issued within a period not exceeding 5 months (art. 229).
5) What is a provisional patent application in Mexico?
It is a figure that allows you to obtain a presentation date with minimum requirements, and then submit the complete application within 12 months. It is neither published nor examined as such. It is provided for in article 105 Bis.
6) Does the reform affect procedures that were already underway before April 2026?
In general, pending matters are concluded in accordance with the provisions in force at the start of the process (second transitional provision). However, the procedure of mandatory resolution It can be activated for pending tasks, once the Technical Committee is integrated.
References (official)
Disclaimer: “This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or an attorney-client relationship.”
by paulina@baraibar.com.mx | Apr 12, 2026 | Constitutional Law
Baráibar & Asociados | Análisis Jurídico Estratégico
The reform to the Amparo Law 2025The ruling, published on October 16 in the Official Gazette of the Federation, reshaped the constitutional framework in Mexico. Every company with operations in Mexico City needs to understand the true scope of these changes before its next conflict with a tax or administrative authority.
This isn't about technical adjustments. It's about a structural shift in the amparo proceedings: tax matters, suspensions of the challenged action, judicial digitization, and retroactive application. Companies that don't update their legal strategy will be exposed to risks that, six months ago, were easily defensible.
At Baráibar & Asociados, we analyzed the decree and its operational impact on businesses, real estate companies, and corporations in Mexico City. This guide explains the critical points, hidden risks, and strategic decisions your company should make this quarter.
What changed with the 2025 reform to the Amparo Law? This guide explains the critical points, hidden risks, and strategic decisions your company should make this quarter.
What changed with the 2025 reform to the Amparo Law? This guide explains the critical points, hidden risks, and strategic decisions your company should make this quarter.
The reform is based on four pillars: digitization of the Services Portal of the Federal Judiciary, restriction of amparo in tax matters, modification of the rules of suspension of the challenged act and a retroactive transitional provision that most constitutional experts consider openly unconstitutional.
Each of these measures has direct consequences for businesses in Mexico City. Digitalization requires businesses to have legal representation registered on the electronic portal. Tax restrictions close doors that for decades protected taxpayers from enforceable tax assessments. The new suspension rules expand exemptions for public entities. The retroactive transitional provision also opens a window for constitutional litigation that only specialized law firms are prepared to navigate.
Mandatory judicial digitization: the new Services Portal of the Federal Judiciary
The reform prioritizes electronic filing as the primary means for amparo proceedings. Responsible authorities, third parties, and petitioners must operate through the Online Services Portal of the Federal Judiciary. Physical filing of documents is no longer the rule but becomes an exception reserved for very specific cases.
Therefore, electronic notifications acquire full procedural validity, and deadlines begin to run from the date of the consultation or the legal presumption of consultation. Furthermore, the responsible authorities must digitize actions, administrative files, and records that were previously presented on paper, which accelerates the process but also makes it less forgivable for oversights.
Consequently, a modern firm needs a law firm with valid e-signature certificates, internal infrastructure for receiving electronic notifications, and a clear protocol for digital case tracking. A 48-hour delay in checking the portal can result in preclusions, fines, or the loss of proceedings. Firms still operating with traditional practices face an operational risk even greater than the underlying risk of the case itself.
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by paulina@baraibar.com.mx | Mar 20, 2026 | Labor Law
The 40-hour work week reform in Mexico It's now a reality. On May 1, 2026, President Claudia Sheinbaum enacted the decree amending the Federal Labor Law and initiating the transition to a 40-hour workweek. This reform is undoubtedly the change with the greatest immediate impact on businesses in recent years.
If your company operates in Mexico City or any other state in the country, you need to understand what's changing, when it's changing, and what the legal consequences of non-compliance may be. This guide analyzes each key aspect: the phased-in schedule, new obligations for employers, mandatory electronic registration, and applicable fines.
What does the Labor Reform Published on May 1, 2026 Establish?
The decree published in the Official Gazette of the Federation (DOF) on May 1, 2026, amends, adds to, and repeals various provisions of the Federal Labor Law. Specifically, it modifies Articles 59, 61, 66, 68, 69, and 71, and adds section XXXIV to Article 132, as well as section IV Bis to Article 994.
The main objective is to regulate the constitutional reform to article 123 that was published on March 3, 2026. With that constitutional change, Mexico established the maximum work week of 40 hours as a fundamental right.
The LFT decree specifies the following:
- The maximum ordinary daytime working hours will be 8 hours; the night shift, of 7 hours; and the mixed one, of 7.5 hours.
- The sum of ordinary and overtime hours may not exceed 12 hours a day.
- For every six days of work, the employer must grant at least a day of rest with full salary.
- Reductions in salaries, wages, or benefits as a result of this reform are prohibited.
In short, the law has already changed. What is being phased in is the maximum weekly working hours, not the effective date of the law itself.
Official Gradual Reduction Schedule: From 48 to 40 Hours between 2026 and 2030
One of the most important aspects of business planning is the phased reduction schedule. The decree is clear:
| Year |
Maximum weekly working hours |
| 2026 (until Dec.) |
48 hours (adjustment period) |
| 2027 |
46 hours |
| 2028 |
44 hours |
| 2029 |
42 hours |
| 2030 |
40 hours |
The effective reduction begins January 1, 2027The period from May 1 to December 31, 2026, is an adaptation phase. During this time, the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (STPS) will collect, process, and evaluate data to monitor the implementation of the change.
This means that companies have until December 31, 2026 to prepare: update contracts, internal regulations, human resources policies and implement electronic registration systems.
New Obligations for Employers: What Every Employer Must Comply
The reform doesn't just reduce working hours. It also imposes specific and verifiable obligations on all employers. The most relevant are listed below:
1. Electronic Work Record (Article 132, Section XXXIV)
From January 1, 2027, all employers must implement an electronic attendance control system that accurately records the entry time, rest periods, and exit time of each worker.
This record has full legal validity as evidence in court, provided it has been agreed upon between the employer and the employee. In other words, if there is a labor dispute regarding overtime, the digital time clock will be the primary evidence.
The STPS will soon issue the general provisions on the acceptable formats and methods for this registration.
2. Updating Contracts and Internal Regulations
Individual and collective contracts that establish working hours exceeding the new limit must be modified before December 31, 2026. The same applies to internal work regulations and human resources policies.
This is a mandatory compliance action, not optional. Failure to update contracts exposes companies to labor lawsuits.
3. Express Prohibition of Reducing Wages
The decree is unequivocal: no employer may reduce an employee's salary, wages, or benefits as a justification or consequence of a reduction in working hours. Any attempt to do so will be considered a serious violation of labor rights. The affected employee may demand retroactive payments and even compensation.
4. Limit on Overtime Hours
With the reform, the limit on weekly overtime hours will be gradually increased until it reaches a maximum of 12 hours By 2030, all overtime will be paid at double the regular rate, regardless of the amount worked. The previous system, where the first 9 hours were paid at double the rate and subsequent hours at triple the rate, will be eliminated.
⚖️ Do you need to adapt your company's employment contracts before December 31, 2026? At Baráibar & Asociados, we help you comply with the reform without risk. Contact us today in Mexico City.
Fines and Penalties: How Much Can Non-Compliance Cost Your Company?
Article 994, section IV Bis, of the Federal Labor Law establishes economic penalties for failure to comply with the obligation of electronic work hour registration. The fines range from 250 to 5,000 Units of Measurement and Update (UMA).
In 2026 values, that equates to between $29,327.50 and $586,550 Mexican pesos for infringement.
It is important to note that these penalties are calculated per affected worker. A company with 50 employees in non-compliance could face a potential penalty of several million pesos.
In addition to the economic aspect, failure to comply with working hours limits can lead to:
- Immediate inspections from the Ministry of Labor.
- Individual labor demands for unpaid overtime.
- Nullity of contractual clauses that contravene the new law.
- Joint and several liability for substitute patterns in business groups.
📋 Don't wait for an inspection. At Baráibar & Asociados, our Labor Law specialists in Mexico City conduct preventative audits to protect your company before 2027 begins.
Impact on Night Shifts, Mixed Shifts and Rest Days
The reform also specifies the rules applicable to special working days and mandatory rest days:
Special days: The day shift has a maximum of 8 hours; the night shift, 7 hours; and the mixed shift, 7.5 hours. These provisions were already in the Federal Labor Law, but are now being aligned with the new weekly limit.
Weekly rest: For every six days worked, the employee is entitled to one day of rest with full pay. The debate on whether the reform automatically implies two days of rest per week is not definitively resolved in the decree, but it is an issue that will have to be addressed in collective bargaining agreements and internal policies.
Sunday premium: People who work on Sundays are entitled to an additional premium of at least 25% on the ordinary salary of regular working days.
Minors: The reform expressly prohibits underage workers from working overtime. This is a special protective provision that employers must implement immediately.
Electronic Registration: Which Technology Complies with the Law?
Section XXXIV of Article 132 establishes that registration must be electronic, but does not specify the type of technology. The STPS (Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare) will define the technical requirements soon. However, the most common systems that already comply with the spirit of the standard are:
- Biometric readers (fingerprint, facial recognition).
- Mobile applications with geolocation, for remote or field work.
- Smart card systems or chip-enabled credentials.
- Attendance management platforms integrated into the payroll system.
The key point is that the registration must be agreed between the worker and the employer, and the employer has the obligation to keep it and show it to the authority when required.
For the purposes of labor litigation, this electronic record will constitute conclusive proof of the actual duration of the workday. This benefits both workers, who can prove unpaid overtime, and employers, who can demonstrate compliance.
What about collective bargaining agreements and unions?
The reform has a direct impact on collective bargaining agreements (CBAs). Those that establish working hours exceeding the new limit will need to be reviewed and modified. In sectors with a strong union presence, such as manufacturing, transportation, commerce, and services, this will entail collective bargaining renegotiations.
The Federal Labor Law (LFT) establishes that working conditions cannot be diminished. Therefore, if a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) established benefits exceeding those mandated by law (more days off, better-paid overtime), those conditions remain in place. The reform sets a minimum standard, not a maximum.
For companies, the collective bargaining window between May and December 2026 is strategic. Early legal advice can make the difference between an orderly transition and a costly collective dispute.
✒️ Anticipate the labor disputes that the reform may bring. Baráibar & Asociados has the experience in Labor Law to protect your company's contracts in Mexico City before the effective reduction of working hours begins in 2027.
Conclusion: The reform is now in effect. Your company must act now.
The reduction of the workweek from 48 to 40 hours is the most significant legal change for Mexican companies in the last decade. The decree has already been published. The law has already changed. What is being implemented gradually is the cap on working hours, but the preparation requirements are immediate.
Companies that take action before December 31, 2026, will have updated contracts, implemented record-keeping systems, and streamlined payroll processes. Those that wait will face fines, lawsuits, and the cost of a chaotic transition under pressure.
The time to act is now.
Frequently Asked Questions about the 40-Hour Labor Reform in Mexico
From when does the reduced working hours effectively apply? The effective reduction in working hours begins on January 1, 2027, with a limit of 46 hours per week. The period from May 1 to December 31, 2026, is an adaptation phase, as stipulated in the decree published in the Official Gazette of the Federation (DOF) on May 1, 2026 (Federal Labor Law, first transitional article).
Can the employer reduce the salary because fewer hours are now being worked? No. The decree expressly amends Articles 59 and 61 of the Federal Labor Law to prohibit any reduction in wages, salaries, or benefits resulting from a reduction in working hours. Doing so constitutes a serious violation of workers' labor rights.
What happens if my company does not implement electronic attendance registration? As of January 1, 2027, the lack of electronic registration is sanctioned with fines of between 250 and 5,000 UMA per infraction, equivalent to between $29,327 and $586,550 pesos in 2026, according to the new article 994, section IV Bis, of the LFT.
Are the current contracts still valid or do they need to be modified? Contracts stipulating workdays exceeding the new legal limit must be modified before December 31, 2026. Failure to do so creates legal risk, as clauses that contravene the Federal Labor Law are null and void, according to Article 33 of the Federal Labor Law.
Are overtime hours still paid the same as before? Not entirely. With the reform, all overtime hours will be paid at double the regular rate, without exception. The weekly overtime limit will be gradually adjusted until it reaches 12 hours by 2030, as stipulated in the amended Article 68 of the Federal Labor Law.
Does the reform also apply to domestic workers and agricultural workers? The Federal Labor Law (LFT) establishes special regulations for domestic and agricultural workers. However, the general principle of reduced working hours and the prohibition of wage reductions applies to all employment relationships. For specific sectors, it is advisable to review each case individually with a specialist.
Legal References
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship.
👉 Schedule a legal consultation at Baráibar & Asociados.
by paulina@baraibar.com.mx | Mar 14, 2026 | Labor Law
The prescripción en responsabilidad civil dejó de ser una discusión “de trámite” cuando el daño deriva de muerte o lesiones. Desde el March 6, 2026, un criterio publicado en el Semanario Judicial fijó una línea clara: en responsabilidad extracontractual objetiva por riesgo creado, si la pretensión resarcitoria se vincula con vida o integridad, debe preferirse el plazo de 10 años y no el bienio. La razón no es retórica: jerarquía del bien jurídico, acceso efectivo a la justicia and justa indemnización.
Para empresas con operación en transporte, logística, construcción, manufactura, salud, eventos, inmuebles o energía, esto impacta riesgo legal, reservas, evidencia, seguros y estrategia procesal. También redefine cómo se litiga (y se defiende) en CDMX cuando hay componentes interestatales o criterios constitucionales trasladables.
1) Qué cambió en 2026: el bienio ya no es “automático” si hay vida o integridad
El criterio publicado el viernes 6 de marzo de 2026 sostiene, en síntesis:
- En Sonora, para reclamar indemnización por responsabilidad extracontractual objetiva por riesgo creado, existen reglas bienales (arts. 2108 y 2114) y una regla decenal (art. 1330).
- Cuando el daño deriva de muerte o lesión a la integridad, se debe desplazar el bienio y aplicar el plazo de 10 años por ser bienes de máxima jerarquía; la regla abreviada se considera insuficiente porque es previsible que la atención inicial se concentre en la situación vital y sus consecuencias.
Dato técnico que importa para litigio: es tesis aislada de Tribunal Colegiado (V.2o.C.T.1 C (12a.)) y aparece en la Gaceta/Semanario con referencia al propio sistema de publicación semanal.
Implicación estratégica: si tu defensa se apoya “por defecto” en prescripción bienal en asuntos con lesiones graves o fallecimiento, ese argumento ya no es de baja fricción. Exige análisis constitucional y de proporcionalidad del plazo, no sólo lectura literal.
2) Fundamento constitucional y doctrina SCJN: acceso a justicia y proporcionalidad del plazo
El criterio de 2026 no nace aislado. Se apoya en una línea de la Suprema Corte (Primera Sala) que distingue entre:
- reclamaciones por afectaciones patrimoniales, donde un plazo breve puede ser proporcional; y
- reclamaciones por vida e integridad, donde debe operar un plazo genérico más amplio para no vaciar el acceso a justicia.
Por qué “vida e integridad” cambia la lectura de la prescripción
En ADR 3012/2021, la Corte desarrolla explícitamente que el plazo de dos años sólo sería proporcional en daños patrimoniales; y que tratándose de lesiones a vida e integridad, procede la regla genérica de 10 años, conectándolo con acceso a justicia, y tomando como referente el art. 1159 del Código Civil Federal (regla general decenal).
Esto es clave para CDMX incluso cuando el caso no sea Sonora: la argumentación es constitucional, no localista. En la práctica, abre la puerta a que jueces y salas evalúen si aplicar un bienio en lesiones graves es una restricción desproporcionada.
3) Riesgo creado y responsabilidad objetiva: cuándo entra en juego el criterio
En lo operativo, “riesgo creado” suele aparecer cuando la actividad o el medio empleado es capaz de generar daño por su naturaleza (vehículos, maquinaria, sustancias, instalaciones, energía, obras, etc.). El punto no es sólo probar culpa, sino conectar:
- actividad riesgosa,
- daño,
- nexo causal,
- y parámetros de reparación.
Dónde pega el cambio: en el tiempo disponible para reclamar. Si hay muerte o lesión, el “cierre” bienal ya no es el refugio fácil para el demandado ni el talón de Aquiles para la víctima.
El error común que cuesta el caso
El error típico en demandas (y contestaciones) es tratar la prescripción como fórmula, sin separar:
- daño patrimonial puro (p. ej., pérdida de ingresos, daños materiales sin lesiones), vs.
- daño a integridad / muerte (lesión física y moral, secuelas, pérdida de vida).
La tesis de 2026 obliga a tipificar jurídicamente el núcleo del daño: si la pretensión resarcitoria se apoya en afectaciones a vida o integridad, el plazo defendible tiende a ser más amplio.
4) Cómo se aterriza en Sonora: artículos 1330 vs 2108/2114 y el desplazamiento del bienio
La tesis explica la arquitectura normativa del Código Civil para el Estado de Sonora:
- artículos 2108 y 2114: regla especial bienal aplicada por instancias ordinarias;
- artículo 1330: regla decenal (10 años) como horizonte más amplio;
- y menciona también un bienio para ilícitos no delictivos (art. 1332, fr. V).
La tesis es contundente en el “test” constitucional: el bienio es constitucional sólo si se reserva a afectaciones meramente patrimoniales; en muerte o integridad, debe operar el decenal.
Base normativa local del 10 años: el propio Sonora contiene la regla decenal en su capítulo de prescripción negativa.
5) Impacto real para empresas en CDMX: contratos, evidencia, seguros y gobierno corporativo
Aunque la tesis es sobre Sonora, el efecto práctico en empresas con sede en CDMX es inmediato por cuatro razones:
- Operación multiestado: siniestros en carreteras, transporte federal, turismo, logística o obras.
- Foro y ley aplicable: disputas donde se discute jurisdicción, domicilio del demandado, lugar del hecho, o elección de foro.
- Amparo como “segunda vía”: aun si el juez local aplica bienio, el debate puede migrar a control constitucional, donde pesa la doctrina de acceso a justicia.
- Reservas y seguros: un horizonte decenal cambia el cálculo de exposición, reservas contables y estrategia de conciliación.
Qué riesgo existe (y nadie presupuestó bien)
- Retención de evidencia insuficiente: si tu política interna destruye bitácoras, CCTV, GPS, mantenimientos o reportes a los 24–36 meses, te expones a litigios a 6–9 años sin soporte documental.
- Pólizas mal alineadas: coberturas, avisos de siniestro, y cooperación en defensa deben revisarse a la luz de escenarios de reclamo más largos.
- Protocolos de incident response débiles: la forma en que documentas el siniestro en la primera semana define tu defensa años después.
Prevención ejecutiva: reconfigura tu “legal hold” y compliance de seguridad para preservar evidencia crítica por periodos compatibles con reclamos de largo plazo cuando hay lesiones graves o muerte.
6) Estrategia procesal: cómo litigar (o defender) la prescripción tras marzo de 2026
Aquí está el giro: el pleito ya no es “¿dos o diez?” por capricho, sino qué derecho lesionado manda y si el plazo breve pasa un examen de proporcionalidad.
Para quien reclama (actor)
- Enfoca el caso desde el inicio en vida/integridad (lesiones, secuelas, afectación moral), no como apéndice del daño patrimonial.
- Construye la narrativa probatoria: atención médica, dictámenes, rehabilitación, secuelas, impacto familiar.
- Anticipa la excepción de prescripción: sostén la aplicación del plazo amplio con base constitucional y en la doctrina SCJN de acceso a justicia.
Para quien defiende (demandado/aseguradora/empresa)
- Evalúa si realmente estás en un supuesto de daño patrimonial puro. Si hay integridad, la prescripción bienal será frágil.
- Cambia el eje: en vez de apostar todo al tiempo, trabaja causalidad, interrupción, concurrencia de culpas, cuantificación, y cumplimiento de deberes de mitigación.
- Cuida el “frente constitucional”: una defensa agresiva basada en bienio ante lesiones graves puede ser el camino más corto al amparo.
¿Te preocupa si tu caso cae en el plazo de 2 o 10 años y cómo se argumenta tras el criterio de marzo de 2026? En Baráibar & Asociados (CDMX) podemos aterrizar una estrategia procesal y preventiva a tu situación. Agenda tu consulta hoy.
7) Qué hacer hoy: checklist corporativo de prevención de responsabilidad civil objetiva
Si tu empresa opera con actividades o equipos de riesgo, este es el checklist mínimo:
- Mapa de riesgos y siniestros (por operación y estado).
- Política de conservación de evidencia (CCTV, telemetría, bitácoras, mantenimiento, capacitación, incident reports).
- Protocolo de atención a víctimas (médico, acompañamiento, comunicación, documentación).
- Revisión de pólizas (RC, RC profesional, transporte, productos, D&O cuando aplique).
- Cláusulas contractuales (subcontratistas, transportistas, arrendamientos de equipo, indemnidades, control de seguridad).
- Simulacros y auditorías: no por PR, sino por trazabilidad probatoria.
La ganancia es doble: reduces probabilidad de daño y, si ocurre, reduces la probabilidad de perder el litigio por mala documentación.
CTA 2 (después de la quinta sección, obligatorio)
Don't face this process alone. Baráibar & Asociados We have specialists in responsabilidad civil y litigio estratégico ready to defend your interests in Mexico City.
Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ) — búsquedas reales en México
1) ¿Cuántos años tengo para demandar indemnización si hubo muerte por accidente (riesgo creado)?
Cuando la reclamación se basa en afectaciones a la vida o integridad, los tribunales han sostenido que debe preferirse un plazo más amplio, como el decenal (10 años) frente al bienio, por acceso a justicia y jerarquía del bien jurídico. Sustento: criterio del 6/03/2026 y doctrina SCJN.
2) ¿La prescripción de 2 años aplica si hubo lesiones graves, aunque no haya fallecimiento?
No necesariamente. La línea constitucional distingue entre daños patrimoniales y daños a integridad física y moral. Para lesiones a integridad, se ha sostenido que el plazo breve puede ser desproporcionado y debe aplicarse el genérico más amplio. Sustento: ADR 3012/2021 y criterios vinculados.
3) ¿La tesis de marzo de 2026 aplica en CDMX aunque sea de Sonora?
Es una tesis aislada local (Sonora), pero su razonamiento se apoya en doctrina constitucional de acceso a justicia and justa indemnización. En CDMX puede operar como criterio persuasivo, especialmente en litigios con componente constitucional o vía amparo. Sustento: Gaceta 03/2026 y precedentes SCJN.
4) ¿Qué artículo establece el plazo general de 10 años en materia civil federal?
The artículo 1159 del Código Civil Federal prevé, como regla general, un plazo de 10 años para que se extinga el derecho de exigir una obligación cuando pudo hacerse exigible. Este artículo suele usarse como referencia del “plazo genérico” frente a reglas especiales más cortas.
5) ¿Qué debo probar en responsabilidad objetiva por riesgo creado?
Normalmente se discute la existencia de la actividad riesgosa o el medio empleado, el daño y el nexo causal. La ventaja del actor es que no centra todo en culpa; la defensa suele concentrarse en causalidad, exclusiones, caso fortuito o conducta de la víctima. La prescripción depende del bien jurídico afectado.
6) ¿Cómo se cuenta el plazo de prescripción en estos casos?
El punto de inicio del cómputo puede depender del marco local y del tipo de acción; además, hay litigios donde se debate conocimiento del daño, consolidación de secuelas o definitividad en vías relacionadas. Por eso conviene diagnosticar desde el expediente y la norma aplicable. Sustento doctrinal: línea SCJN sobre prescripción en daños.
Asegura tu posición jurídica desde hoy con acompañamiento experto: Baráibar & Asociados te ayuda a diseñar una defensa sólida o una reclamación bien fundada, con enfoque estratégico y probatorio.
Conclusion
La tesis publicada el March 6, 2026 cambia el terreno: en responsabilidad civil objetiva por riesgo creado, si el daño toca vida o integridad, el sistema judicial está dispuesto a abrir el horizonte a 10 años y desplazar el bienio por razones constitucionales.
Para empresas en CDMX, la lectura correcta no es “nos aplica/no nos aplica”, sino: ¿qué tan preparada está tu organización para sostener un caso dentro de un horizonte largo? Evidencia, protocolos, pólizas y estrategia de litigio deben alinearse a este estándar, porque el costo real aparece cuando el asunto llega tarde… y ya no tienes cómo probar.
Referencias (oficiales y criterios)
- Gaceta del Semanario Judicial de la Federación, Marzo 2026 (incluye tesis publicada el 6/03/2026) + SCJN + PDF oficial.
- Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación — Amparo Directo en Revisión 3012/2021 (PDF), listado/documento oficial SCJN.
- Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación — Amparo Directo en Revisión 7255/2018 (PDF), listado/documento oficial SCJN.
- Código Civil Federal (Cámara de Diputados) — última reforma visible en el documento (PDF).
- Código Civil para el Estado de Sonora (Congreso del Estado / publicación en línea).
Disclaimer: “This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or an attorney-client relationship.”
